Wolf Spider Research Articles

The complete mitogenome of the pond wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata, with phylogenetic implications for the Lycosidae

The pond wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 (Araneae: Lycosidae) is an important predator of agricultural pests in southern, eastern and southeastern Asia. Here, we report the complete mitogenome of this spider reconstructed from Illumina sequencing data. The circular mitogenome length is 14,533 bp with the nucleotide composition A (33.3%), C (8.2%), G (15.2%), and T (43.3%). The P. pseudoannulata mitogenome comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a control region. Phylogenetic analyses of Lycosidae mitogenomes supported the monophyly of the subfamily Pardosinae and the two genera Pardosa and Alopecosa, and indicated the polyphyly of the subfamily Lycosinae and the paraphyly of its type genus Lycosa. In this study, P. pseudoannulata is the closest relative to P. pusiola. These results provide useful genetic information for future studies on the diversity, phylogeny, and evolution for wolf spiders.

Prey killing rate of a generalist predator may be enhanced by macronutrient manipulation

Generalist arthropod predators forage not only to gain energy and nutrients, but also to obtain a balanced intake of macronutrients (the intake target). We test two opposite hypotheses concerning the predation rate of nutritionally imbalanced predators: It will increase (1) if the prey is rich in macronutrients that the predator is short of, or (2) if the prey is low in macronutrients that the predator is short of. We used the wolf spider Pardosa amentata (Clerck) as the predator and nutritionally manipulated Drosophila melanogaster Meigen as prey. We completed a full factorial experiment with eight treatment groups, in which we measured predation, consumption and prey utilization of high-protein (HP) and high-lipid (HL) flies by spiders that were previously treated with either HP- or HL-flies for two or six days. The results supported hypothesis 2. Whether spiders had been previously fed HP-or HL-flies, those that were tested against the same type of fly killed more than those tested against the opposite type of fly. A likely explanation for this result is that the predator will be unable to reach its macronutritional intake target by continued feeding on the same prey. It will stay nutritionally imbalanced and continue to catch prey in an attempt to redress its imbalance. In natural systems, predation rates may thus be increased by the widespread mismatch between predators’ nutritional demands and what is available in prey. In practical biological control, it suggests a beneficial effect of feeding the predator prior to release with the pest it is intended to control.

Background contrast affects detection and recognition of courting wolf spiders by intended and unintended receivers

We used video playback of courting male Schizocosa ocreata wolf spiders to examine responses of intended receivers (conspecific females) and eavesdroppers (competitor males, predatory spiders, toads) to manipulations of spider color (natural color, monochromatic gray, monochromatic RBG average) displayed against complex leaf litter backgrounds (color, grayscale). Models of chromatic and achromatic contrast between spider stimuli and backgrounds were used to predict receiver responses. The results support the hypothesis that interactions between spider and background coloration affect detection and recognition, although responses varied with receiver type. Detection responses of intended receivers (female S. ocreata) did not fit predictions of the chromatic contrast model in some cases, but showed a fair fit to the achromatic model. Detection responses of social eavesdroppers (male S. ocreata) fit the chromatic and achromatic contrast models slightly better than did female responses (poor fit and very good fit, respectively). Eavesdropping wolf spider predators (Rabidosa) exhibited detection responses that significantly matched predictions of the chromatic (very good fit) and achromatic (excellent fit) models. Whereas jumping spiders (Phidippus) showed a good fit to the chromatic and achromatic contrast models, toad predators had a good fit only to the chromatic model. Recognition responses revealed a different pattern of fit to the chromatic and achromatic models across receiver types, although Rabidosa again indicated a significant fit to both models. Taken together, the results of this study identify both chromatic and achromatic features of spider appearance as likely explanations for differences in behavioral responses of intended and unintended receivers. This outcome suggests the possibility that both sexual and natural selection likely target different features of male appearance during courtship.

Foraging rates from metabarcoding: Predators have reduced functional responses in wild, diverse prey communities.

Functional responses describe foraging rates across prey densities and underlie many fundamental ecological processes. Most functional response knowledge comes from simplified lab experiments, but we do not know whether these experiments accurately represent foraging in nature. In addition, the difficulty of conducting multispecies functional response experiments means that it is unclear whether interaction strengths are weakened in the presence of multiple prey types. We developed a novel method to estimate wild predators' foraging rates from metabarcoding data and use this method to present functional responses for wild wolf spiders foraging on 27 prey families. These field functional responses were considerably reduced compared to lab functional responses. We further find that foraging is sometimes increased in the presence of other prey types, contrary to expectations. Our novel method for estimating field foraging rates will allow researchers to determine functional responses for wild predators and address long-standing questions about foraging in nature.

Should I stay or should I fly: Aerial dispersal in a funnel‐web wolf spider from the grasslands of southern South America

AbstractBallooning is a mechanism of aerial dispersal present in some groups of spiders. By releasing silken threads that are blown by the wind, spiders can travel long distances through the air. Aglaoctenus lagotis is a wolf spider that lives its entire life associated with a funnel‐web, despite the wandering habit that characterizes species in this family. We can find two forms of the species in Uruguay, one of them a strict inhabitant of grasslands of Uruguay. The high habitat specificity and the spiderlings observed surrounding the maternal web suggest a low aerial dispersal capacity in this species. In this study, we tested whether A. lagotis spiderlings are capable of dispersing by ballooning. We conducted laboratory and field experiments during the day and night, to record the occurrence of ballooning and typical behaviours that precede ballooning. We recorded ballooning both in the laboratory and in the field, and it was more frequent during the day. Although it has been reported repeatedly in species from this family, we never observed the pre‐ballooning tip‐toeing behaviour in A. lagotis. Ballooning was preceded by dropping on dragline, considered a behaviour that could generate aerial dispersion of lesser distance than that generated by the tip‐toeing. In this paper, we shall discuss the implications of this form of aerial dispersal, considering that the species analysed is a web wolf spider.

Infection‐related sexual conflict in mating behaviors of wolf spiders

AbstractResistance to mating by females has been hypothesized as a tactic to assess potential mates and avoid undesirable ones. Previous studies show infection with the pathogenic bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, triggers a costly immune response and negatively impacts fitness in the wolf spider Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz 1844). Studies also show that infection can be transmitted during copulation, suggesting that there are potential fitness costs associated with mating with an infected individual. We examined impacts of infection on mating interactions of male and female S. ocreata. As studies show infection can be detected through chemical cues, we tested whether males or females avoid mating with infected individuals when given the opportunity. We paired infected and uninfected (control) males and females and recorded their behavior. We found that mating outcome was independent of infection for males and females. While higher male courtship rates and more frequent female receptivity displays were associated with successful mating, we saw no direct effect of infection status on mating outcome. However, among spider pairs that did not mate, females were found to be significantly more resistant and aggressive toward infected males than control males. Male aggression, on the other hand, was greater in pairs that did result in mating. These results suggest that sexual conflict in mating can be related to infection status, and that females can recognize infected males and alter their behavior in response.

Carrying an eggsac is not an issue for wolf spiders

Carrying an eggsac is not an issue for wolf spiders

Chromosome-level genome of spider Pardosa pseudoannulata and cuticle protein genes in environmental stresses

Spiders are representative arthropods of adaptive radiation. The high-quality genomes have only been reported in several web weaver spider species, leaving the wandering spiders’ genomic information scarce. The pond wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata, is a representative species in the retrolateral titial apophysis (RTA) clade. We present a chromosome-level P. pseusoannulata genome assembly of 2.42 Gb in size with a scaffold N50 of 169.99 Mb. Hi-C scaffolding assigns 94.83% of the bases to 15 pseudo-chromosomes. The repeats account for 52.79% of the assembly. The assembly includes 96.2% of the complete arthropod universal single-copy orthologs. Gene annotation predicted 24,530 protein-coding genes with a BUSCO score of 95.8% complete. We identified duplicate clusters of Hox genes and an expanded cuticle protein gene family with 243 genes. The expression patterns of CPR genes change in response to environmental stresses such as coldness and insecticide exposure. The high-quality P. pseudoannulata genome provides valuable information for functional and comparative studies in spiders.

Cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel superfamily of Pardosa pseudoannulata: Implication for natural enemy safety

Cys-loop ligand-gated channels mediate neurotransmission in insects and are receptors for many insecticides. Some insecticides acting on cysLGIC also have lethal effects on non-targeting organisms, but the mechanism of this negative effect is unclear due to information absence. The identification and analysis of cysLGIC family in Pardosa pseudoannulata, a pond wolf spider, can deepen the understanding of insecticides for natural enemy safety. Thirty-four cysLGIC genes were identified in P. pseudoannulata genome, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid gated chloride channels, glutamate-gated chloride channels, histamine-gated chloride channels, and pH-sensitive chloride channels. The expansion of GABACls and HisCls accounts for the large number of cysLGICs in P. pseudoannulata, and the alternative splicing events in nAChR and RDL subunits enriched the diversity of the superfamily. Most cysLGIC genes show the highest expression in brain and lowest expression in the early-egg sac stage. Variable residues (R81, V83, R135, N137, F190, and W197) in P. pseudoannulata nAChR β subunits and critical differences in α6 subunit TM4 region compared with insects would apply for the insensitivity to neonicotinoids and spinosyn. In contrast, avermectin and dieldrin may be lethal to P. pseudoannulata due to the similar drugs binding sites in GluCls compared with insects. These findings will provide a valuable clue for natural enemy protection and environmentally friendly insecticide development.

LC-AMP-F1 Derived from the Venom of the Wolf Spider Lycosa coelestis, Exhibits Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in antimicrobial peptides as innovative antimicrobial agents for combating drug-resistant bacterial infections, particularly in the fields of biofilm control and eradication. In the present study, a novel cationic antimicrobial peptide, named LC-AMP-F1, was derived from the cDNA library of the Lycosa coelestis venom gland. The sequence, physicochemical properties and secondary structure of LC-AMP-F1 were predicted and studied. LC-AMP-F1 was tested for stability, cytotoxicity, drug resistance, antibacterial activity, and antibiofilm activity in vitro compared with melittin, a well-studied antimicrobial peptide. The findings indicated that LC-AMP-F1 exhibited inhibitory effects on the growth of various bacteria, including five strains of multidrug-resistant bacteria commonly found in clinical settings. Additionally, LC-AMP-F1 demonstrated effective inhibition of biofilm formation and disruption of mature biofilms. Furthermore, LC-AMP-F1 exhibited favorable stability, minimal hemolytic activity, and low toxicity towards different types of eukaryotic cells. Also, it was found that the combination of LC-AMP-F1 with conventional antibiotics exhibited either synergistic or additive therapeutic benefits. Concerning the antibacterial mechanism, scanning electron microscopy and SYTOX Green staining results showed that LC-AMP-F1 increased cell membrane permeability and swiftly disrupted bacterial cell membranes to exert its antibacterial effects. In summary, the findings and studies facilitated the development and clinical application of novel antimicrobial agents.

Buprofezin delayed the molting of Pardosa pseudoannulata, a predatory enemy for insect pests, by suppressing chitin synthase 1 expression

Spiders, the major predatory enemies of insect pests in fields, are vulnerable to insecticides. In this study, we observed that the recommended dose of buprofezin delayed the molting of the pond wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata, although it had no lethal effect on the spiders. Since buprofezin is an insect chitin biosynthesis inhibitor, we identified two chitin synthase genes (PpCHS1 and PpCHS2) in P. pseudoannulata. Tissue-specific expression profiling showed that PpCHS1 was most highly expressed in cuticle. In contrast, PpCHS2 showed highest mRNA levels in the midgut and fat body. RNAi knockdown of PpCHS1 significantly delayed the molting of 12-days old spiderlings, whereas no significant effect on the molting was observed in the PpCHS2-silencing spiderlings. The expression of PpCHS1 was significantly suppressed in the spiderlings treated with buprofezin, but rescued by exogenous ecdysteroid ponasterone A (PA). Consistent with this result, the molting delay caused by buprofezin was also rescued by PA. The results revealed that buprofezin delayed the molting of spiders by suppressing PpCHS1 expression, which will benefit the protection of P. pseudoannulate and related spider species.

Influence of lead exposure on growth and transcriptome in wolf spider Pardosa laura

As a raw material commonly used in industrial production, Pb is often found in the released waste, posing a serious threat to ecosystem and human. Pardosa laura (Araneae: Lycosidae) is one of the most dominant species of spider found in farmland ecosystem and plays a very important role in Pb transfer among the food web. To comprehensively understand the toxicological effects of Pb on spider, we delivered Pb to Pardosa laura through diet, and investigated the Pb effect on spider growth, antioxidase activities and transcriptome. Specifically, Pb hindered the spider growth and resulted in a reduced survival rate. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were enhanced in the Pb-exposed spider, while no significant change was found in the glutathione S-transferase activity. 117 up-regulated genes and 60 down-regulated genes were identified in the Pb-exposed spider by using transcriptome sequencing, and these DEGs were mainly enriched in oxidoreductase activity, transmembrane transport, fat digestion and absorption, peptidase activity, apoptosis, peptidase activity and lysosome. The results of this study contribute to the better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the spider response to Pb.

Vibroscape analysis reveals acoustic niche overlap and plastic alteration of vibratory courtship signals in ground-dwelling wolf spiders

To expand the scope of soundscape ecology to encompass substrate-borne vibrations (i.e. vibroscapes), we analyzed the vibroscape of a deciduous forest floor using contact microphone arrays followed by automated processing of large audio datasets. We then focused on vibratory signaling of ground-dwelling Schizocosa wolf spiders to test for (i) acoustic niche partitioning and (ii) plastic behavioral responses that might reduce the risk of signal interference from substrate-borne noise and conspecific/heterospecific signaling. Two closely related species - S. stridulans and S. uetzi - showed high acoustic niche overlap across space, time, and dominant frequency. Both species show plastic behavioral responses - S. uetzi males shorten their courtship in higher abundance of substrate-borne noise, S. stridulans males increased the duration of their vibratory courtship signals in a higher abundance of conspecific signals, and S. stridulans males decreased vibratory signal complexity in a higher abundance of S. uetzi signals.

First data on the spider fauna (Arachnida: Aranei) of the Salair National Park and surroundings (Altaisky Krai, Russia)

For the fi rst time, the spider fauna of the Salair National Park and adjacent territories is studied in detail and its zoogeographical characteristics are given. The surveys were carried out in the Togul and Chumysh cluster areas and adjacent territories in 2020–2022. An annotated list has been compiled, including 118 species from 17 families and 77 genera. Twenty seven species of spiders were recorded in the Altai Territory for the fi rst time. The genus Enoplognatha Pavesi, 1880 is new to the region. The family Linyphiidae is the most diverse. At the generic level, small- sized wolf spiders of the genus Pardosa C. L. Koch, 1847 and large orb-web spiders of the genus Araneus Clerck, 1757 are represented by the highest number of species (6 and 5, respectively). The analysis of longitudinal components of the ranges of the collected species showed a signifi cant predominance (more than 70%) of widespread, trans- Palaearctic and trans- Holarctic elements. Twenty percent of species are common to the fauna of Europe and Siberia. The predicted spider species diversity of this region is 300–350 species.

Further notes on the fossorial wolf spiders of Middle Asia and the Near East (Aranei: Lycosidae)

Further notes on the fossorial wolf spiders of Middle Asia and the Near East (Aranei: Lycosidae)

Effects of Leaf Moisture on Transmission and Detection of Communication by a Wolf Spider

Effects of Leaf Moisture on Transmission and Detection of Communication by a Wolf Spider

Impacts of habitat connectivity on grassland arthropod metacommunity structure: A field-based experimental test of theory.

Metacommunity theory has advanced scientific understanding of how species interactions and spatial processes influence patterns of biodiversity and community structure across landscapes. While the central tenets of metacommunity theory have been promoted as pivotal considerations for conservation management, few field experiments have tested the validity of metacommunity predictions. Here, we tested one key prediction of metacommunity theory-that decreasing habitat connectivity should erode metacommunity structure by hindering species movement between patches. For 2 years, we manipulated an experimental old-field grassland ecosystem via mowing to represent four levels of habitat connectivity: (1) open control, (2) full connectivity, (3) partial connectivity, and (4) no connectivity. Within each treatment plot (10 × 10 m, n = 4 replicates), we measured the abundance and diversity (i.e., alpha and beta) of both flying and ground arthropods using sticky and pitfall traps, respectively. We found that the abundance and diversity of highly mobile flying arthropods were unaffected by habitat connectivity, whereas less mobile ground arthropods were highly impacted. The mean total abundance of ground arthropods was 2.5× and 2× higher in the control and partially connected plots compared to isolated patches, respectively. We also reveal that habitat connectivity affected the trophic interactions of ground arthropods, with predators (e.g., wolf spiders, ground spiders) being highly positively correlated with micro-detritivores (springtails, mites) but not macro-detritivores (millipedes, isopods) as habitat connectivity increased. Together these findings indicate that changes in habitat connectivity can alter the metacommunity structure for less mobile organisms such as ground arthropods. Because of their essential roles in terrestrial ecosystem functioning and services, we recommend that conservationists, restoration practitioners, and land managers include principles of habitat connectivity for ground arthropods when designing biodiversity management programs.

New data on the wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) of Iraq

New data on the wolf spiders of Iraq are provided. Two species, Arctosa similis Schenkel, 1938 and Lycosa piochardi Simon, 1876, are reported from Iraq for the first time, and additional records and a redescription are provided for Evippa amitaii Armiach Steinpress, Alderweireldt, Cohen, Chipman & Gavish-Regev, 2021. Photographs of specimens of both sexes of all three species and their copulatory organs and habitats are provided, and the known distribution records for the last two species, are mapped.

The reactions of two species of aphid to chemotactile cues from a wolf spider match their vulnerability to predation

AbstractVarious strategies have evolved to protect animals from predators. We explored the activity and predation risk experienced by two species of aphid. Both species will drop from plants when disturbed and face a suite of predators, including wolf spiders, when they reach the ground. We focused on Aphis fabae Scopoli and Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe (Hemiptera: Aphididae, Aphidini); A. nerii sequesters cardiac glycosides when it feeds on milkweed. We explored the interactions between these aphids and the wolf spider Pardosa milvina Hentz (Araneae: Lycosidae) that is likely a predator they encounter when they are not on their host plants. We hypothesized that there would be differences in the susceptibility of the two species to predation and that the more vulnerable species would react more strongly to substrate‐borne cues deposited by the spider. We predicted that any behavioral reactions that the aphid displayed in response to predator cues would be effective in reducing risk. We documented the activity of each aphid species on chemotactile cues from P. milvina and measured predation rate in arenas with and without those same cues. Aphis fabae altered their activity in the presence of P. milvina cues but A. nerii did not. Likewise, A. fabae was more susceptible to predation by P. milvina when no cues were present, but when cues were present, predatory success was much lower. Aphis nerii, the less desirable prey for this predator, moved less and had a different locomotory pattern than A. fabae in control trials with no spider cues and so we cannot determine whether its chemical protection or activity were more important in reducing predation levels. These results provide insight into the risks faced by aphids when they are off of their host plant and in a barren environment.

RNA interference against the putative insulin receptor substrate gene IRS1 affects growth and development in the pest natural enemy Pardosa pseudoannulata.

Insulin signalling pathways play crucial roles in regulating growth and development in insects, but their effects on the growth and development of Arachnids, such as spiders, have rarely been studied. As a valuable pest natural enemy in agricultural fields, the molecular mechanisms of insulin signalling pathway-mediated growth and development of the wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata, are of particular interest. In this study, we identified and characterized six insulin signalling pathway genes - InR, InR2, IRS1, PI3K1, PI3K2, and PDK - in Pardosa pseudoannulata. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction results were used to analyse the relative expression levels of the six genes in different developmental instars and tissues, and in response to starvation treatment. In addition, the function of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS1) gene was investigated using RNA interference technology, which found that IRS1 significantly influenced nutrient content, developmental duration, body weight, and gonad development. This study revealed the roles of six key insulin signalling pathway genes in Pardosa pseudoannulata, and in particular the importance of the IRS1 gene in regulating growth and development in the spider. The results lay the foundation for further research on the internal regulation mechanisms of growth and development in Araneae species, and also provide a reference for the artificial breeding of spiders. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.